Unit - 2 First Law of Thermodynamics 2.1 Concepts of Internal Energy Internal energy may be considered a thermodynamic property. Internal energy is an extensive property because it depends on the mass of the system. Similarly, kinetic and potential energies are extensive properties. Internal energy may at times refer to both internal energy per unit mass and the total energy. From the lesson Conservation of Energy, raising the temperature of a body increases its internal energy; lowering the body's temperature decreases its internal energy. Therefore, change in internal energy can often be associated with a change in temperature. In the absence of motion, gravity, surface effects, electricity, or other effects, the state of a pure substance is specified by two independent properties. It is very significant that, with these restrictions, the internal energy may be one of the independent properties of a pure substance. This means, for example, that if the pressure and internal energy
UNIT - 4 ENVIRONMENT- TRADITIONAL AND FUTURISTIC METHODS The environment refers to the totality of resources and the total planetary inheritance we have received. It includes biotic (animals, plants, birds etc.) and abiotic (sun, land, water and mountains etc.) components. It explains the inter relationship that exists between the abiotic and biotic components. The environment performs four crucial functions Supplying resources: the environment contains both renewable (air, water and land) and non renewable resources (fossil fuels). While the former are reusable and do not get depleted soon, non renewable resources come with the fear of depletion. Assimilating waste: economic activities generate waste which the environment absorbs through the natural processes. Sustenance of life: the environment comprises abiotic components that aid the living of biotic components. In the absence of elements such as air, water, land etc. there would be no life on the planet. Aesthetic value: the envir